Scientific Argumentation Concepts

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Justification

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Explaining how evidence supports the claim with detailed reasoning.

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Data

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Facts and evidence gathered during investigations to support a claim.

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Analysis

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Examination of evidence to identify patterns and support reasoning.

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Inference

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Conclusion drawn from evidence and reasoning, connecting observations to claims.

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Argument

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Reasoned statement with a claim supported by evidence and reasoning.

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Support

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Evidence and reasoning that bolster or reinforce a claim.

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Counterclaim

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Opposing argument challenging the original claim, requiring additional evidence.

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Validity

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Degree to which evidence and reasoning are sound, making the claim credible.

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Correlation

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Relationship between variables used to support reasoning in a claim.

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Consistency

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Quality of evidence being reliable and not contradicting known facts.