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Ottoman Empire founded by Osman in the 13th century, expanded into Asia, Africa, and Europe.

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Rise of the Ottomans.

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Elite military guard recruited from Christian populations, trained as soldiers and administrators.

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Janissaries.

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Conquered Constantinople in 1453, marking the fall of the Byzantine Empire.

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Mehmed II.

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An empire built on mastery of firearms and military conquest.

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Gunpowder Empire.

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Ottoman ruler (1520–1566) known for military conquests and legal reforms.

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Suleyman the Magnificent.

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The Ottomans allowed religious minorities to practice their faith in exchange for taxes.

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Religious Tolerance.

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The political center of the Ottoman Empire, located in Istanbul.

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Topkapi Palace.

Front

The private domain of the sultan, symbolizing the sultan’s authority.

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The Harem.

Front

The supreme political and military leader of the Ottoman Empire.

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Sultan.

Front

Religious scholars who administered legal systems and schools under the Ottomans.

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Ulema.