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The First Moroccan Crisis

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A diplomatic crisis in 1905-1906 in which the Germans unsuccessfully attempted to block the French colonization of Morocco, resolved at the Algeciras Conference of 1906.

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Algeria

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A country in North Africa that was nominally part of the Ottoman Empire before 1830, but was conquered and colonized by France between 1830 and 1847.

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Berlin Conference of 1884-1885

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A conference in which the Great Powers of Europe agreed on rules to avoid conflicts between themselves while colonizing Africa.

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Scramble for Africa

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The rapid conquest and colonization of Africa by the Europeans after the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, in which almost the entire continent came under European rule.

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1880 Treaty of Madrid

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A treaty that guaranteed Morocco's independence, signed by Spain, France, Britain, Germany, Austria, the United States of America, Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, and Denmark.

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Morocco

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A country in northwest Africa that France wanted as a colony and became the center of the First Moroccan Crisis.

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Entente Cordiale

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An agreement signed by Britain and France in 1904 that stated France would support British control over Egypt, and Britain would support French control over Morocco.

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Moroccan Debt Administration

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An organization France created to administer Morocco's sovereign debt in 1904 as France tried to make the country its colony and became Morocco's only creditor.

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Russo-Japanese War

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A conflict from 8 February 1904 to 5 September 1905, in which Russia and Japan went to war over control of Korea and northeastern China. Japan destroyed Russia's navy and defeated its army on land, humiliating Russia and leaving it deeply in debt to France.

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First Russian Revolution

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The 1905 uprising of workers and peasants against the Tsar was put down violently but produced some reforms.