philo 02

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Truth/Fact

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A statement that can be proven true or false; objective, evidence-based, reality-based, presents unbiased words, is discovered, states reality, and can be verified.

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Opinion

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A statement or belief that may or may not be backed up by facts; subjective, emotional-based, circumstantial-based, presents bias, created, interprets reality, and cannot be verified.

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Argument

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A group of statements, one or more of which (the premises) is claimed to provide support for, or reason to believe, one of the others (the conclusion).

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Fallacies

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A flaw or error in reasoning that causes the conclusion(s) to be invalid, unsound, or weak.

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Argumentum ad Baculum (Appeal to Force)

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Using force or the threat of force to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion.

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Appeal to Pity/Emotion

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When an arguer attempts to support a conclusion by evoking pity from the reader or listener.

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Appeal to Person

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Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself.

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Appeal to the Popular / Appeal to People (Bandwagon Fallacy)

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Manipulating people's emotions to get them to accept a claim as true simply because many people believe it.

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Appeal to Ignorance

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Arguing that a conclusion is true because it has not been proven false.

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Begging the Question

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A fallacy in which a conclusion is taken for granted in the premises; also called a circular argument.