Unit 2.2 The Mongol Empire

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Temüjin

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• The founder of the Mongol Empire, later known as Genghis Khan.

• (A charismatic and skilled warrior who united the Mongol tribes and launched a series of conquests across Asia.)

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Steppe

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• A vast, flat grassland ecosystem found in Eurasia.

• (The homelands of the nomadic Mongol tribes, where they developed their pastoral lifestyle and military skills.)

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Yurt

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• A portable, circular dwelling used by nomadic peoples, including the Mongols.

• (Yurts were well-suited to the nomadic lifestyle, providing shelter and warmth in various environments.)

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Sinification

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• The process of adopting Chinese culture, customs, and institutions.

• (The Yuan Dynasty, established by the Mongols, underwent significant Sinification, incorporating many aspects of Chinese civilization.)

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Kurultai

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• A Mongol assembly or council where important decisions were made.

• (The kurultai served as a democratic mechanism for the Mongol Empire, allowing for the participation of various clans and leaders.)

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Pax Mongolica

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• A period of relative peace and stability in Eurasia during the Mongol Empire.

• (The Pax Mongolica facilitated trade, cultural exchange, and the spread of ideas across vast distances.)

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Yam System

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• A postal system established by the Mongols to facilitate communication and transportation across their empire.

• (The Yam system involved a network of relay stations and couriers, ensuring rapid delivery of messages and goods.)

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Yasa

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• The Mongol legal code, established by Genghis Khan.

• (The Yasa outlined laws and regulations governing various aspects of Mongol society, including criminal justice, property rights, and military service.)

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Töregene Khatun

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• A powerful Mongol empress who ruled as regent during the minority of her son, Ögedei Khan.

• (Töregene Khatun played a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the Mongol Empire and expanding its influence.)