CCEH #27 Italian and German Unification

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New nation states that emerged:

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Italy and Germany

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Perception of Europe's nation states:

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Not unified kingdoms or sovereign states for a significant period.

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President and later Emperor of France known for authoritarian rule, economic development, urban planning, and military conflicts like the Crimean and Franco-Prussian Wars.

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Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (Napoleon III)

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Napoleon III's preference:

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Modernized French economy

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Significance of the Crimean War?

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Fractured the Holy Alliance of Russia, Prussia, and Austria.

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Napoleon III's manipulation of Austria in the Crimean War:

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Convinced Austria to remain neutral.

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Reforms by the Tsar of Russia in the 1860s:

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Emancipation of serfs and military reforms.

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Camillo di Cavour

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Key figure in Italian unification

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Giuseppe Garibaldi's role in Italy's unification:

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Led a revolutionary movement and captured the South before uniting with northern forces.

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Realpolitik

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Power politics or realism in politics