Vocabulary List Year 9: Making of the Modern World

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Agrarian

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Farming, or the cultivation of land. An agrarian society is one based on producing and maintaining crops and farmland.

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Agriculture

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Farming, including the cultivation of soil for growing crops and the raising of animals for food, wool, and other products.

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Bourgeoisie

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The middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes. The bourgeoisie were mainly factory owners, merchants, and professionals during the Industrial Revolution.

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Causation

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The action of causing something to happen or exist; a relationship between cause and effect. Causation is important for understanding historical processes.

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Census

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An official count or survey of a population, recording details such as age, gender, and occupation.

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Child labour

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The use of children in industry or business, especially when illegal or considered inhumane. Child labour was prevalent during the Industrial Revolution.

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Colonisation

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Taking control over a foreign territory, often for economic exploitation, settlement, or spreading influence.

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Communism

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A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society, in which all property is publicly owned.

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Consequence

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The result or effect of an action or event; understanding consequences is key to studying the impact of historical events.

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Cottage Industry

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A small-scale, home-based goods produced by hand before the rise of factories during industrialisation.