Cell signaling and endocrine system

Front

When levels go above or below a set point a hormone is released to return the body to set point. When the body is restored to set point no more hormone is released. This is an example of...

Back

a negative feedback loop

Front

The 3 steps of signal transduction in order are

Back

reception, transduction, response

Front

Protein kinases activate other relay proteins by adding a(n) ____ to them.

Back

phosphate

Front

Which of the following is an example of a second messenger? Options: cAMP, GTP, insulin, epinephrine

Back

cAMP

Front

Signal amplification is most often achieved by:

• an enzyme phosphorylation cascade
• binding of multiple signals
• branching pathways
• action of adenylyl cyclase

Back

an enzyme phosphorylation cascade

Front

What do second messengers do?

Back

relay message from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasm

Front

Why does epinephrine have different effects on cardiac and intestinal muscle cells?

Back

The two types of muscle cells have different signal transduction pathways for epinephrine and thus have different cellular responses.

Front

Sequence of events in a typical signal transduction pathway: I. Response, II. Amplification, III. Reception, IV. Transduction

Back

III, IV, II, I

Front

A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a

Back

ligand

Front

What determines whether a cell is a target cell for a particular signal molecule?

Back

signal receptors