19th Century Social Classes and Economic Concepts

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Middle Class (19th-century version)

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A social class typically composed of professionals, business people, and other white-collar workers.

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Working Class (19th-century version)

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A social class made up of people employed in manual or industrial work.

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Tenement Housing

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A type of residence that is often run-down and overcrowded, typically found in urban areas.

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Monopoly

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A market structure characterized by a single seller, selling a unique product in the market.

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Crony Capitalism

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An economic system characterized by close, mutually advantageous relationships between business leaders and government officials.

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Social Darwinism

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The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

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Jacob Riis

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A social reformer and journalist known for his work on urban poverty and his book "How the Other Half Lives."

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Karl Marx

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A philosopher and economist known for his theories on capitalism and communism, co-author of "The Communist Manifesto."

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Communism

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A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society and collective ownership of property.

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Robber Baron

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A term used to describe a wealthy and powerful 19th-century American businessman who used exploitative practices. Examples include John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan.