concepts & case studies

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hard power

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a country's ability to influence others through coercive means, such as military force or economic sanctions.

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soft power

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the ability of a country to influence others through attraction and persuasion rather than coercion.

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IGOs

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entities created by multiple governments to work on common interests and goals.

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sovereignty

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the authority of a state to govern itself or another state.

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legitimacy

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refers to the recognition and acceptance of an authority, government, or institution as valid and rightful.

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realism & liberalism

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Realism emphasizes the anarchic nature of the international system, where no central authority exists. Liberalism posits that cooperation is possible in an anarchic world, emphasizing the role of international institutions, democracy, and economic interdependence.

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Capitalism and Communism

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An economic system based on private ownership and market-driven production for profit. A political and economic ideology advocating for collective ownership and centralized planning to achieve a classless society.

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Sudanese Civil War

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The Sudanese Civil War refers to a series of conflicts in Sudan, primarily between the northern and southern regions, driven by ethnic, religious, and economic disparities.

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Confucius Institute

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The Confucius Institute is a global educational organization that promotes Chinese language and culture.

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China's Belt and Road Initiative

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China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), launched in 2013, is a global development strategy aimed at enhancing trade and investment by building infrastructure and fostering economic cooperation across Asia, Europe, and Africa.