True or False? The nerve impulse travels toward the cell body in all neurone cells.

False . A nerve impulse travels towards the cell body in sensory neurones and away from the cell body in motor and relay neurones.

What are reflex actions ?

automatic , rapid responses to a stimulus that do not involve conscious thought

Write a flow diagram to represent a reflex arc .

stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector → response

True or False? Sensory neurones in a reflex arc connect receptor cells with the conscious brain.

False. Sensory neurones in a reflex arc connect receptor cells with relay neurones in the CNS .

What is a relay neurone ?

a neurone within the CNS that connects sensory and motor neurones

What is the role of a motor neurone in a reflex arc?

to connect relay neurones with effectors

True or False? Effectors are muscles and sense organs.

False . Effects are muscles and glands .

Define the term synapse .

A synapse is a junction between two neurones where a very small gap exists between one neurone and the next.

Define the term neurotransmitter .

Neurotransmitters are chemical signalling molecules used to transfer signals between neurones at synapses.

True or False? Electrical impulses can jump across the gap at a synapse.

False. Electrical impulses cannot directly jump the gap at synapses. Electrical signals are converted into chemical signals in the form of neurotransmitters which diffuse across a synapse gap.

Describe the events that take place at a synapse .

The events at a synapse are as follows: neurotransmitters are released from vesicles neurotransmitters diffuse across the gap between neurones neurotransmitters bind to receptor molecules on the second neurone a new electrical impulse is generated in the second neurone

True or False? Neurotransmitters move across synapses by active transport.

False. Neurotransmitters move across the gap at a synapse by diffusion from a high concentration to a low concentration.

True or False? Synapses ensure that nerve impulses can only travel in one direction.

True. One role of a synapse is to ensure that impulses travel in one direction only .

What are sense organs ?

Sense organs are groups of receptor cells that respond to specific stimuli .

What are the main sense organs and the stimuli to which their receptors respond?

The sense organs and stimuli are: eyes respond to light ears respond to sound skin responds to touch and temperature nose responds to chemicals in the air tongue responds to chemicals in food and drink

True or False? Receptor cells in the sense organs connect to motor neurones.

False . Receptor cells in the sense organs connect to sensory neurones .

True or False? The sense organs are part of the central nervous system.

False . The sense organs are not part of the central nervous system. The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The sense organs contain receptor cells that are connected to the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

What are the structures labelled A - E on the diagram below?

The structures labelled A-E are: A = iris B = cornea C = lens D = retina E = optic nerve

What is the function of the cornea ?

The function of the cornea is to refract ligh t into the eye.

True or False? The optic nerve carries impulses to the spinal cord.

False . The optic nerve carries impulses to the brain .

What happens during the pupil reflex in dim light?

In dim light the pupil dilates in order to allow as much light into the eye as possible. The radial muscles in the iris contract and the circular muscles relax.

What level of light is the iris responding to?

The iris is responding to bright light ; this can be seen because the pupil is constricted. The pupil is constricted due to the radial muscles relaxing and the circular muscles contracting.

Define the term accommodation in the context of eye function.

Accommodation is the process by which the lens of the eye changes its shape to focus on objects at different distances .

What is the role of the ciliary muscle in accommodation?

The ciliary muscles contract or relax to change the shape of the lens during accommodation.

What happens to the ciliary muscles, suspensory ligaments and lens when focusing on a near object ?

When focusing on a near object: The ciliary muscles contract The suspensory ligaments loosen This causes the lens to become thicker (more curved), increasing refraction of light for close vision.

True or False? When focusing on a distant object the ciliary muscles relax and the suspensory ligaments loosen.

False. When focusing on a distant object: The ciliary muscles relax The suspensory ligaments tighten This pulls on the lens, making it thinner ; this reduces refraction of light for distant vision.

What is the function of cone cells ?

Cone cells absorb light of different colours/wavelengths , providing colour vision.

How are rod and cone cells distributed in the eye?

Rod and cone cells are distributed as follows: rod cells are found all over the retina , with the exception of the blind spot cone cells are concentrated in the fovea

What is the function of the fovea?

The fovea is a region of the retina with the highest density of cones cells . Its function is to form sharp, coloured images .

Define the term hormone .

A hormone is a chemical substance , produced by a gland and carried by the blood , which alters the activity of one or more target organs.

How are hormones transported around the body?

Hormones are carried around the body in the blood .

What is the endocrine system?

The endocrine system is composed of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Identify the glands labelled A , B and C .

The glands are: A = pancreas B = adrenal gland C = testes

What is the function of adrenaline in the body?

Adrenaline is known as the 'fight or flight' hormone and its role is to prepare the body for action . Its effects include: increased heart rate increased breathing rate increased pupil diameter

True or False? The effects of hormones are faster than that of the nervous system.

False . Compared to the nervous system, the effects of hormones are slower .

From where is the hormone glucagon secreted?

Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas .

What is the role of adrenaline in the control of metabolism?

The role of adrenaline in the control of metabolic activity is: increasing blood glucose concentration increasing heart rate This helps to deliver more glucose to muscles for respiration to ensure that the body is well prepared for high levels of activity.

Topic 14.1-14.3 Flashcards Flashcards

Student preview

44 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the role of the nervous system?

Back

to coordinate and regulate body functions in response to changes in the environment

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

True or False?

Information passes along neurones in the form of electrical impulses.

Back

True.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Which two components make up the central nervous system (CNS)?

Back

brain
spinal cord

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?

Back

the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the neurone type shown in the image?

Back

sensory neurone
(the position of the cell body in the middle)

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the neurone type shown in the image?

Back

relay neurone
(short and have a small cell body at one end with many dendrites)

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the neurone type shown in the image?

Back

motor neurone

(long axon with a large cell body at one end)

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