Introduction to Organic Chemistry

Front

What is organic chemistry primarily concerned with?

Back

The chemistry of carbon compounds, especially those found in living things.

Front

What were the early sources of organic compounds known from nature?

Back

Essential oils distilled from plants and alkaloids extracted from crushed plants.

Front

What is quinine and how was it historically used?

Back

Quinine was extracted from the bark of the cinchona tree and used to treat fevers, especially malaria.

Front

What was the main reservoir of chemicals for nineteenth-century chemists?

Back

Coal.

Front

What is phenol and how was it used in the nineteenth century?

Back

Phenol was used as an antiseptic in surgery by Lister.

Front

What is a p-bond?

Back

A covalent bond formed by lateral overlap of non-hybrid p-orbitals.

Front

What is an s-bond?

Back

A covalent bond formed when atomic orbitals overlap along the axis connecting the nuclei.

Front

What is sp3-hybridization?

Back

A hybridization where one 2s and three 2p-orbitals combine to form four energetically equal sp3-orbitals.

Front

What is sp2-hybridization?

Back

A hybridization where one 2s and two 2p-orbitals equalize to form three sp2-orbitals, with one p-orbital remaining.

Front

What is the role of sp2-hybrid orbitals in ethylene?

Back

Three sp2-hybrid orbitals participate in the formation of three σ-bonds.