AP - Cell Communication (Litten)

Front

What is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)?

Back

A G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) is a type of transmembrane receptor that detects molecules outside the cell and activates internal signal transduction pathways and cellular responses.

Front

What role do second messengers play in cell communication?

Back

Second messengers relay signals from receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell, amplifying the signal and facilitating a cellular response.

Front

List the three main steps of signal transduction in order.

Back

The three main steps of signal transduction are reception, transduction, and response.

Front

How do plant cells communicate with each other?

Back

Plant cells communicate using hormones, which are signaling molecules that can travel through the plant to coordinate responses.

Front

What is the function of protein kinases in signal transduction?

Back

Protein kinases activate other relay proteins by adding a phosphate group to them, which can change the activity of the target protein.

Front

What is the significance of phosphorylation in cellular signaling?

Back

Phosphorylation is a critical process in cellular signaling that can activate or deactivate proteins, thereby regulating various cellular functions.

Front

What are ligands in the context of cell signaling?

Back

Ligands are molecules that bind to receptors to initiate a cellular response, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors.

Front

What is the difference between autocrine and paracrine signaling?

Back

Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell targets itself, while paracrine signaling involves a cell targeting nearby cells.

Front

What is the role of receptors in cell communication?

Back

Receptors are proteins on the cell surface or inside the cell that bind to specific ligands, initiating a signal transduction pathway.

Front

What is signal amplification in cell signaling?

Back

Signal amplification refers to the process by which a small number of signaling molecules can produce a large response in the target cell.