AP Biology: Unit 3 Review (CED)

Front

What is the primary structure of a protein and how is it affected by denaturation?

Back

The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids. It is unaffected by denaturation, which typically alters higher levels of protein structure (secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).

Front

In cellular respiration, where is the electrochemical gradient of protons generated?

Back

The electrochemical gradient of protons is generated in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria during the electron transport chain.

Front

How does an increase in temperature affect the rate of a chemical reaction?

Back

An increase in temperature increases the speed and kinetic energy of particles, leading to more frequent and effective collisions, which raises the reaction rate.

Front

Where did photosynthesis first evolve?

Back

Photosynthesis first evolved in prokaryotic organisms, such as cyanobacteria.

Front

What is the pathway of electrons during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Back

The pathway of electrons in the light reactions is: H2O → PSII → ETC → PSI → NADPH.

Front

What are the main stages of cellular respiration?

Back

The main stages of cellular respiration are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), and the electron transport chain.

Front

What role do chlorophyll molecules play in photosynthesis?

Back

Chlorophyll molecules absorb light energy, primarily in the blue and red wavelengths, and convert it into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

Front

What is the significance of the proton gradient in the electron transport chain?

Back

The proton gradient created in the electron transport chain is used to drive ATP synthesis through ATP synthase, a process known as chemiosmosis.

Front

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Back

Aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and produces less ATP.

Front

What is the function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

Back

The electron transport chain transfers electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, releasing energy used to pump protons and create a gradient.