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What is primary succession?

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Primary succession is the process of ecological change that occurs in an area where no soil exists, such as after a volcanic eruption, leading to the establishment of a biological community.

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What is secondary succession?

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Secondary succession is the process of ecological change that occurs in an area where soil and some organisms still exist after a disturbance, such as a fire or flood.

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Why is biodiversity important in ecosystems?

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Biodiversity is important because it enhances ecosystem productivity, stability, and resilience, providing essential services such as pollination, nutrient cycling, and habitat provision.

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What is the competitive exclusion principle?

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The competitive exclusion principle states that two species competing for the same resources cannot coexist indefinitely; one will outcompete the other.

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What role do lichens play in primary succession?

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Lichens are pioneer species that help break down volcanic rock into soil, facilitating the establishment of other plant species in primary succession.

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What is a climax community?

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A climax community is a stable and mature ecological community that has reached a final stage of succession, characterized by a diverse array of species.

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How does a fire affect an ecosystem in terms of succession?

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A fire can lead to secondary succession, where the ecosystem recovers and new species establish themselves in the area after the disturbance.

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What is an example of a pioneer species?

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An example of a pioneer species is lichen, which can colonize bare rock and initiate soil formation.

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What is the difference between a niche and a habitat?

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A niche refers to the role and position a species has in its environment, including its interactions with other species, while a habitat is the physical environment where a species lives.

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What are ecosystem services?

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Ecosystem services are the benefits that humans derive from ecosystems, including provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services.