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What is Earth System Science (ESS)?

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A holistic field of study that views Earth as a complex and interconnected system, seeking to understand the interactions between its various components.

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What are the main spheres of Earth in the context of Earth System Science?

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Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, Geosphere, and Biosphere.

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What are the characteristics of the Atmosphere?

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Gaseous envelope surrounding Earth, primarily composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and trace gases; layered structure; dynamic and constantly in motion.

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What is the importance of the Atmosphere?

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Regulates Earth's temperature, protects life from harmful solar radiation, enables weather and climate patterns, and provides the medium for respiration and photosynthesis.

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What does the Hydrosphere comprise?

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All of Earth's water, including oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, ice, and water vapor in the atmosphere.

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What is the significance of the Hydrosphere?

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Essential for all life forms, regulates climate, sculpts landscapes, and provides transportation routes and resources.

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What are the characteristics of the Geosphere?

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The solid, rocky part of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, and core; composed of various rocks, minerals, and soil; dynamic due to tectonic movements.

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What is the importance of the Geosphere?

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Provides the foundation for life, source of natural resources, shapes landscapes, and influences climate.

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What encompasses the Biosphere?

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All living organisms on Earth, existing in various ecosystems and interconnected through complex interactions.

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What is the significance of the Biosphere?

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Supports life, maintains ecological balance, regulates atmosphere and climate, and provides essential ecosystem services.