4.2a Observational Study versus Experiment

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What is an Observational Study?

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An observational study is a type of research where the researcher observes and records behavior or outcomes without manipulating any variables. It aims to identify patterns or correlations.

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What is an Experiment?

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An experiment is a research method where the researcher manipulates one or more variables to determine their effect on a dependent variable, allowing for cause-and-effect conclusions.

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Example of an Observational Study: Sleep and Academic Performance

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A student asks classmates about their test scores and hours of sleep without changing any conditions.

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

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Example of an Experiment: Yoga and Flexibility

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A football coach divides players into two groups, one doing yoga and the other standard stretching, to test the effect on flexibility.

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

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What is the main difference between Observational Studies and Experiments?

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The main difference is that experiments involve manipulation of variables, while observational studies do not.

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Why are Observational Studies useful?

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They are useful for identifying trends and correlations in real-world settings without interference.

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What is a dependent variable?

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A dependent variable is the outcome or response that is measured in an experiment to see if it is affected by changes in the independent variable.

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

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What is an independent variable?

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An independent variable is the factor that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

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What type of study is it when a researcher records park usage?

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It is an observational study, as the researcher is simply observing and recording behavior without intervention.

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

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What type of study is it when participants are given different types of coffee to test sleep effects?

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It is an experiment, as the researcher manipulates the type of coffee given to participants.