Testing Internal Reliability

Split half method. Split the test/scale in two and compare the results.

Advantage of Matched Pairs Design

No order effects or participant variables

Disadvantage of Matched Pairs Design

Time consuming/May still have some Participant Variables

Participants may alter their behavior if they know they are being observed.

Social Desirability Bias

Participants may respond in a way that may put them in a better light.

Anything that the investigator/experimenter does which affects a participant's performance, which was not intended.

Demand Characteristics

A cue that makes participants aware of the aim of the study or how they are meant to behave.

Advantage and disadvantage of Lab experiment?

Advantage: Less extraneous variables = Higher internal validity, Easy to replicate. Disadvantage: Lacks ecological validity.

Advantage and disadvantage of Field experiment?

Advantage: Higher ecological validity, avoids social desirability bias and Hawthorne effect. Disadvantage: More extraneous variables = Lower internal validity.

Advantage and disadvantage of Natural experiment?

Advantage: Good for ethical reasons (e.g., privation), high ecological validity. Disadvantage: No cause and effect, only used when conditions vary naturally.

Advantage and disadvantage of Observation?

Advantage: High ecological validity, possibly more internal validity. Disadvantage: Observer bias, ethical issues (deception/informed consent).

Advantage and disadvantage of Opportunity sampling?

Advantage: Easiest method to use. Disadvantage: Biased due to small target population.

Advantage and disadvantage of Volunteer sampling

A - Access to variety of participants D - Volunteer bias

Advantage and disadvantage of Random sampling

A - Most unbiased sample D - Could still be biased if there is a small sample

Advantage and disadvantage of Questionnaire

A - More willing to reveal personal information, more easily repeated D - Social desirability bias, biased sample due to certain people tending to fill out questionnaires

Advantage and disadvantage of Interview

A - More detailed information can be gained D - Interviewer bias/effects, requires large amounts of training

Advantage and disadvantage of Correlation

A - Easy to establish a link between two variables, can be used when ethical issues may be a problem D - No cause and effect, misinterpretations of correlations

What is a Behavioural Category?

A method of deciding how different behaviours should be categorised

Two types of sampling procedure used during observational research

Time - every 15 seconds Event - every time something occurs

Advantage of a Stratified Sample

Avoids researcher bias and is representative

Disadvantage of a Stratified Sample

Difficult to represent all key features of a target population

Disadvantage of a Systematic Sample

Small sample may not be representative

A potential variable that could affect the DV if not controlled

Advantage of Qualitative Research

Gains access to thoughts and feelings

Disadvantage of Qualitative Research

More difficult to detect patterns and draw conclusions

A variable that affects the DV due to not being controlled

The process of using chance to decide the order in which stimuli should be presented

No random allocation of participants but there is manipulation of the IV

Advantage of a Quasi Experiment

Control over variable to give cause and effect

Disadvantage of a Quasi Experiment

No random allocation, leading to confounding variables

Ensuring all participants in an investigation have the same experience.

Advantage and disadvantage of a Covert Observation

A - No Hawthorne effect D - No informed consent (ethical issue)

Year 12 Research methods Flashcards

Student preview

58 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Ecological Validity

Back

The extent to which we can generalise the findings from the current situation.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Population Validity

Back

The extent to which we can generalise the findings from the participants used in the study.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Historical Validity

Back

The extent to which we can generalise the findings from the time the study was produced.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

External Validity

Back

The extent to which we can generalise the findings.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Internal Validity

Back

Related to what actually happens in a study. Refers to whether the independent variable really has had an effect on the dependent variable.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

External Reliability

Back

The consistency of the measurement over time.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Internal Reliability

Back

The consistency of the measurement within itself.

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