Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution

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Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.

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Copernicus

Answer explanation

The correct answer is Copernicus, who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe, placing the Sun at the center instead of the Earth, revolutionizing our understanding of astronomy.

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Had a positive view of humans, all people have natural rights and it's the job of government to protect these, government's power comes from people

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John Locke

Answer explanation

John Locke believed in the inherent rights of individuals and that government exists to protect these rights, deriving its power from the consent of the governed, aligning perfectly with the statement provided.

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(1694-1778) French philosopher who believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government and spoke out against the corruption of the French government and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

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(Francois-Marie Arouet) Voltaire

Answer explanation

The description matches Voltaire, who advocated for freedom of speech and criticized the French government and the Catholic Church's intolerance, aligning with his beliefs and actions during the Enlightenment.

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(1564-1642) An Italian who provided more evidence for and questioned if the heavens really were perfect. He invented a new telescope, studied the sky, and published what he discovered. Because his work provided evidence that the Bible was was arrested and ended up on house arrest for the rest of his life.

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Galileo

Answer explanation

Galileo (1564-1642) was an Italian astronomer who invented the telescope, studied celestial bodies, and challenged the notion of perfect heavens. His findings contradicted the Bible, leading to his arrest and house arrest for life.

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English philosopher and political theorist best known for his book Leviathan (1651), in which he argues that the only way to secure civil society is through universal submission to the absolute authority of a sovereign.

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Thomas Hobbes

Answer explanation

The question describes Thomas Hobbes, who is known for his work 'Leviathan' where he argues for the necessity of absolute authority to maintain civil society, distinguishing him from the other philosophers listed.

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Informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, , and others exchanged ideas

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Salons

Answer explanation

The correct answer is 'Salons' as they were informal gatherings where writers, artists, and intellectuals exchanged ideas, particularly in 17th and 18th century Europe. Cafes and pubs also served social purposes but were less focused on intellectual exchange.

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The natural rights identified by Locke

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Life, Liberty, Property

Answer explanation

Locke identified natural rights as fundamental to human existence, specifically 'Life, Liberty, and Property.' These rights emphasize individual freedom and ownership, distinguishing them from other concepts like voting or happiness.

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Discovered the laws of gravity and motion and invented Calculus

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Isaac Newton

Answer explanation

Isaac Newton is renowned for formulating the laws of gravity and motion, and he also invented Calculus, making him the correct answer. Johannes Kepler and Copernicus contributed to astronomy, while Hobbes was a philosopher.

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Father of Classical laissez faire capitalist Economics

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Adam Smith

Answer explanation

Adam Smith is known as the father of classical laissez-faire capitalism due to his influential work 'The Wealth of Nations', where he advocated for free markets and minimal government intervention in the economy.

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The scientist who said the orbits of the planets around the sun are elliptical in shape

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Johannes Kepler

Answer explanation

Johannes Kepler formulated the laws of planetary motion, stating that planets orbit the sun in elliptical paths. This was a significant advancement in astronomy, distinguishing him from other figures like Newton and Montesquieu.