AP Biology - Unit 4 Review

Front

What is a secondary messenger in cell signaling?

Back

A secondary messenger is a molecule that transmits signals from a receptor to target molecules inside the cell, amplifying the signal and triggering a response.

Front

What effect does blocking a secondary messenger have on a cell signaling pathway?

Back

It inhibits transduction, thus deactivating the response.

Front

What are the types of cell communication?

Back

1. Direct Contact (Animal Cell) 2. Direct Contact (Plant Cell) 3. Long Distance / Endocrine Signaling 4. Local Signaling / Paracrine 5. Local Signaling / Synaptic Signaling.

Front

What is paracrine signaling?

Back

Paracrine signaling is a form of local signaling where cells communicate with nearby cells through the release of signaling molecules.

Front

What is the role of epinephrine in glucose homeostasis?

Back

Epinephrine regulates glucose homeostasis by activating signaling pathways that increase glucose availability in muscle cells.

Front

What is the beta-2 adrenergic receptor?

Back

The beta-2 adrenergic receptor is a type of receptor that binds epinephrine and initiates a signaling cascade affecting various physiological responses.

Front

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

Back

A phosphorylation cascade is a series of events in which one enzyme activates another by adding a phosphate group, leading to a cellular response.

Front

What is the source of phosphate in a phosphorylation cascade?

Back

ATP is the primary source of phosphate for a phosphorylation cascade.

Front

What is the function of protein kinases?

Back

Protein kinases are enzymes that add phosphate groups to proteins, modifying their activity and function.

Front

What is the role of protein phosphatases?

Back

Protein phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins, often reversing the effects of phosphorylation.