CRJU 201 Final Exam Study Activity

Front

Which crowd policing strategy refers to disorganizing or separating people in large crowds to avoid riots or mobs? Options: Escalated force, Negotiated management, Command and control

Back

Command and control

Answer explanation

Command and control is the correct answer. A common example of this strategy is when police install large barriers, fencing, etc. in public spaces so that it's more difficult to create large crowds.

Escalated force means using increasing amounts of force until the crowd disperses. This is more common in nondemocratic countries, although many would argue that it has occurred at recent large U.S. protests.

Negotiated management refers to police working with other groups to negotiate control of large crowds. While this can be possible for protests (e.g., working with community or activist groups), this strategy is more common with other large social events, including sports, concerts, parades, and so on.

Front

Enforcing Jim Crow laws, which legalized racial segregation and significantly limited Black Americans' opportunities, is an example of:

Back

Overpolicing

Answer explanation

Enforcing Jim Crow laws best exemplifies overpolicing because it meant that officers were more directly placed in Black communities and were more likely to come into contact with these individuals due to the overtly racist practices and mindsets of this time. This led to increased police harassment and brutality against Black Americans, which we continue to see today. In more modern times, overpolicing continues to affect Black Americans due to the various ways they are criminalized (often due to harmful stereotypes).

Underpolicing refers to when marginalized groups are not able to access police services and receive adequate protection.

Front

Which of the following is not likely to significantly influence police self-legitimacy? Internal procedural justice, Relationships with fellow officers, Civilian perceptions of police

Back

Amount of 911 calls

Answer explanation

Police self-legitimacy is defined as the confidence an officer has in their skills and in themselves as an authority figure. It is significantly influenced by factors like:

• - Perceived public trust in police. If officers feel like civilians have a lack of trust in police, their confidence as an officer lowers.

• - Internal procedural justice. Workplace environment and relationships with supervisors have a big impact on officer confidence.

• - Relationships with fellow officers and other aspects of police culture can also influence self-legitimacy.

Amount of 911 calls would not typically affect police self-legitimacy because regardless, officers would utilize their skills and training when responding to a call. Additionally, policing strategies tend to focus on decreasing crime and the amount of 911 calls coming in.

Front

Which of the following differences between policing in the U.S. and other countries is false?
There are more police killings in the U.S.
U.S. police training emphasizes firearm skills over de-escalation skills
U.S. police officers are regularly armed
U.S. policing is more centralized

Back

U.S. policing is more centralized

Answer explanation

U.S. policing is much more decentralized compared to policing in other countries. This is because we don't necessarily have standard policing regulations, training, or leadership that apply to every department or agency. U.S. policing tends to look different on the federal, state, and local levels.

Front

Immigrants notably have a strained relationship with police officers. One important factor is that immigrants most likely have language and cultural barriers that make it difficult to interact with police. This most likely reflects the Procedural Justice aspect of _____________.

Back

Voice

Answer explanation

While language and cultural barriers can also impact an individual's trust in police, whether they feel respected, and if they feel that officers are responding fairly and neutrally, it is the best representation of "voice" because such barriers directly influence whether an individual feels like they can adequately tell their side of the story to an officer and effectively communicate with them.

Front

The movement to "defund the police" primarily adopts a __________ approach to policing.

Back

Systemic

Answer explanation

Proponents of "Defund the Police" argue that police brutality and other significant issues stem from how policing is set up and exists as an institution. In other words, police brutality and killings are not simply the result of individual officers' wrongful actions ("bad apples"), but rather, these events are inevitable due to how policing has been historically structured. A common argument is that U.S. policing first became established as slave patrols, thus creating a racist foundation for law enforcement that continues to play a significant role in police-community relations today.

Front

Which of the "future police department" styles rely heavily on traditional law enforcement strategies due to immense pressures and lack of resources?

Back

Retrenched

Answer explanation

"Retrenched" departments anticipate cutting back to the minimum level of activity needed to carry on effective police work. This means that officers are more likely to abandon community policing elements and potentially be aggressive during civilian interactions. A retrenched department highlights how officers experience a fear-based or worst-case-scenario training.

Additionally, community policing departments emphasize building and maintaining positive community relationships, which will promote more foot patrol methods so that officers can informally interact with civilians and organizations. However, this is very resource-intensive and some argue that it is idealistic.

Finally, the neo-legalistic department is "in between" community policing and retrenched departments, such that they attempt to maintain both elements. However, there is more of a focus on traditional law enforcement.