Cell Processes

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What is the Calvin cycle?

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The Calvin cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that occur in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic organisms, where carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions.

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What is photosynthesis?

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Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose, using carbon dioxide and water, and releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

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What are light-dependent reactions?

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Light-dependent reactions are the first stage of photosynthesis that occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where sunlight is captured and used to produce ATP and NADPH.

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What are light-independent reactions?

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Light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, occur in the stroma of chloroplasts and do not require light; they use ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

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What is aerobic respiration?

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Aerobic respiration is a metabolic process that uses oxygen to convert glucose into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water, producing up to 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.

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What is the role of mitochondria in cellular respiration?

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Mitochondria are the organelles where aerobic respiration occurs, converting biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP through processes like the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

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What is glycolysis?

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Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm, where glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.

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What is the Krebs cycle?

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The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions in the mitochondria that generates ATP, NADH, and FADH2 by oxidizing acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

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What is the significance of ATP in cellular processes?

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ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells, providing the energy needed for various biological processes, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and biosynthesis.

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What is the function of chloroplasts?

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Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells that conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose.