Front

What is signal transduction?

Back

The process by which a cell responds to external signals through a series of molecular events, leading to a cellular response.

Front

Define apoptosis.

Back

Programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms, allowing for the removal of unnecessary or damaged cells.

Front

What is a positive feedback loop?

Back

A process in which a change in a system causes an increase in that change, often leading to a greater response, such as contractions during childbirth.

Front

What are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)?

Back

A large family of cell surface receptors that respond to various external signals and activate intracellular signaling pathways.

Front

What is the role of cAMP in signal transduction?

Back

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) acts as a secondary messenger that transmits signals from receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell.

Front

Define paracrine signaling.

Back

A form of cell signaling in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, affecting their behavior.

Front

What is the function of gated ion channels?

Back

Proteins that allow ions to pass through the membrane in response to specific stimuli, playing a crucial role in cell communication.

Front

Explain the transduction stage in signal transduction pathways.

Back

The stage where the signal is converted into a form that can bring about a cellular response, often involving the activation of proteins like kinases.

Front

What is the difference between autocrine and paracrine signaling?

Back

Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell targets itself, while paracrine signaling involves communication between neighboring cells.

Front

What is the significance of protein kinases in signal transduction?

Back

Protein kinases are enzymes that modify other proteins by adding phosphate groups, which can activate or deactivate signaling pathways.