Correlation vs. Causation

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What is correlation?

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Correlation is a statistical measure that describes the extent to which two variables change together. A positive correlation means that as one variable increases, the other also increases, while a negative correlation means that as one variable increases, the other decreases.

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CCSS.HSS.ID.C.9

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What is causation?

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Causation indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of another event. In other words, causation implies a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.

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CCSS.RI.4.3

CCSS.RI.5.3

CCSS.RI.6.3

CCSS.RI.7.3

CCSS.RI.8.3

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What does a correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?

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A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates no correlation between the two variables, meaning changes in one variable do not predict changes in the other.

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CCSS.HSS.ID.B.5

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What does a correlation coefficient of 1 indicate?

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A correlation coefficient of 1 indicates a perfect positive correlation, meaning that as one variable increases, the other variable also increases in a perfectly linear manner.

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CCSS.HSS.ID.B.5

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What does a correlation coefficient of -1 indicate?

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A correlation coefficient of -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation, meaning that as one variable increases, the other variable decreases in a perfectly linear manner.

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CCSS.HSS.ID.B.5

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What does a correlation coefficient of 0.19 suggest about the relationship between two variables?

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A correlation coefficient of 0.19 suggests a very weak positive correlation, indicating that there is little to no relationship between the two variables.

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CCSS.HSS.ID.B.5

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What does a correlation coefficient of 0.92 indicate about studying and grades?

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A correlation coefficient of 0.92 indicates a strong positive correlation, suggesting that as the number of hours studied increases, grades tend to increase as well.

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CCSS.HSS.ID.B.5

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What is the difference between correlation and causation?

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Correlation does not imply causation. Just because two variables are correlated does not mean that one causes the other. Other factors may influence the relationship.

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What is a scatterplot?

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A scatterplot is a graphical representation of two variables, where each point represents an observation. It helps visualize the relationship between the variables.

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What does a negative correlation mean?

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A negative correlation means that as one variable increases, the other variable tends to decrease.

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CCSS.HSS.ID.B.5