Industrial & Scientific Revolutions

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What is the Industrial Revolution?

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Shift from mostly agricultural society to an industrial society; transition from making goods by hand to manufacturing goods in factories; began around 1750 in England.

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Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England?

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Economic strength, geography and natural resources, rich in coal and iron ore, population growth, political stability, and new inventions.

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What was the Enclosure Movement?

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Landowners took over land and fenced it off, leading to new farming methods and less need for workers, who moved to factories in cities.

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What is the Cottage Industry?

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Production of goods on a small scale within one's home, particularly textiles, before industrialists moved production to factories.

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What is the Factory System?

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An organized method of production bringing workers and machines together under managers' control, growing larger with steam power.

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What was the Transportation Revolution?

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Development of better and faster transportation means for raw materials and finished goods, including steamboats, steam locomotives, and airplanes.

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Describe the population before the Industrial Revolution.

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Less than 10% lived in cities; most were farmers renting small plots, making necessities by hand, and living in poor conditions.

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What were the short-term effects of the Industrial Revolution?

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Rapid industrialization led to urbanization, environmental degradation, poor living conditions, and dangerous working conditions.

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What were the social and cultural impacts of the Industrial Revolution?

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Increased efficiency, cheaper goods, abolition movement, advances in communication, and more leisure activities.

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What were the economic impacts of the Industrial Revolution?

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Social structures based on economics, growing gap between rich and poor, rise of socialism and communism, and free market economy.