AP Bio Unit 4 MC - CollegeBoard

Front

What is an antigen?

Back

An antigen is a substance that induces an immune response in a host organism, often recognized by antibodies.

Front

What is the role of antibodies in the immune response?

Back

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that specifically target and bind to antigens to neutralize or eliminate them.

Front

What is the function of antigen-presenting cells?

Back

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf antigens and present them on their surface to activate T cells, initiating an immune response.

Front

What is the role of helper T cells in the immune response?

Back

Helper T cells are activated by antigen-presenting cells and help coordinate the immune response by activating other immune cells.

Front

What is cAMP and its role in signal transduction?

Back

cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger that transmits signals within cells, often activating enzymes that amplify the signal.

Front

What is the significance of the G protein in cell signaling?

Back

G proteins transmit signals from outside the cell to inside, activating downstream effectors like enzymes or ion channels.

Front

What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?

Back

During the S phase, DNA synthesis occurs, resulting in the duplication of the genetic material in preparation for cell division.

Front

What is the function of phosphofructokinase (PFK) in glycolysis?

Back

PFK is a key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis that catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

Front

What is negative feedback regulation in enzyme activity?

Back

Negative feedback regulation occurs when the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step, preventing overproduction.

Front

How do hydrophilic hormones reach their target cells?

Back

Hydrophilic hormones are released into the bloodstream, allowing them to travel to and bind with specific receptors on target cells.