Statistical Studies and Sampling Methods

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Observational Study

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A study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed (as in no treatment has been imposed).

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Experiment

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A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (imposes treatments) to observe the effect on the individuals/subjects.

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Population

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The entire group of interest that we want to know about.

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Sample

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A subset of the population that we record data on.

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Census

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A survey/study in which data is recorded on the entire population.

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Statistical Question

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Based on data that varies and/or that you need statistics to answer.

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Convenience Sample

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Choosing individuals for a sample who are easiest to reach.

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Voluntary Response Sample

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A sample which involves only those who want to participate in the sampling.

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Random Sample

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Method of selecting from a population in which each person has an equal probability of being selected.

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Effect of Bias in a Study

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Causes us to overestimate or underestimate the true value.