Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Participation

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Arnstein’s Ladder (1969)

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A model describing degrees of citizen participation in decision making.

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Citizen Control

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The highest level of citizen power in Arnstein’s Ladder.

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Placation

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Advice received from citizens but not acted upon.

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Therapy

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Power holders “educate” citizens.

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Degrees of Tokenism

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Includes Placation, Consultation, and Informing.

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Non Participation

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Includes Therapy and Manipulation.

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Education in Therapy

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Power holders “educate” citizens.

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Influence

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People are influenced by their peers.

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Discordance

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Some don't believe the science even without training in it.

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Help others to make right choices

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Encourage individuals to make informed and beneficial decisions.