AP - Unit 2: Cell Communication

Front

What is long-distance signaling?

Back

Long-distance signaling refers to the communication between cells that are far apart, often involving hormones that travel through the bloodstream to reach target cells.

Front

What is the role of a kinase in cell signaling?

Back

A kinase is an enzyme that activates a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it, which can change the protein's function.

Front

What is a ligand?

Back

A ligand is a signal molecule that binds to a receptor protein on the plasma membrane, initiating a cellular response.

Front

What is positive feedback response in biological systems?

Back

Positive feedback response is a process where the output of a system enhances or amplifies the initial stimulus, leading to an even greater response, such as the release of hormones during blood clotting.

Front

Which type of receptor is not a cell-surface transmembrane receptor?

Back

Intercellular receptor is not a cell-surface transmembrane receptor; it is located inside the cell and binds to ligands that can pass through the cell membrane.

Front

What is a second messenger in cell signaling?

Back

A second messenger is a molecule that relays signals received at receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell, often amplifying the signal.

Front

What is the function of a receptor protein?

Back

A receptor protein binds to specific ligands and initiates a cellular response, playing a crucial role in cell communication.

Front

What is the difference between autocrine and paracrine signaling?

Back

Autocrine signaling occurs when a cell releases a signal that binds to its own receptors, while paracrine signaling involves signals that affect nearby cells.

Front

What is the role of phosphatase in cell signaling?

Back

Phosphatase is an enzyme that removes phosphate groups from proteins, often reversing the action of kinases and regulating protein activity.

Front

What is a GPCR (G-protein coupled receptor)?

Back

GPCRs are a large family of cell-surface receptors that respond to various external signals and activate intracellular signaling pathways through G-proteins.