AP Biology: Unit 4 Review (CED)

Front

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

Back

The stages of the cell cycle include interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. Apoptosis is NOT a stage of the cell cycle.

Front

What are the three parts of a signal transduction pathway?

Back

The three parts of a signal transduction pathway are reception, transduction, and response.

Front

What is positive feedback in biological systems?

Back

Positive feedback is a feedback mechanism that amplifies responses and processes in biological organisms.

Front

What is the role of ligands in signal transduction?

Back

Ligands are molecules that bind to receptors to initiate signal transduction, but they are NOT involved in the transduction step itself.

Front

How does cyclin interact with CdK?

Back

Cyclin interacts with cyclin-dependent kinase (CdK) to initiate the mitotic phase of the cell cycle.

Front

Define interphase in the cell cycle.

Back

Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division, including DNA replication and growth.

Front

What is the function of secondary messengers in signal transduction?

Back

Secondary messengers amplify the signal received by the receptor and help propagate the signal within the cell.

Front

Explain the concept of apoptosis.

Back

Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells.

Front

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback mechanisms?

Back

Positive feedback amplifies a response, while negative feedback reduces or inhibits a response to maintain homeostasis.

Front

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

Back

A phosphorylation cascade is a series of chemical reactions in a cell where one enzyme phosphorylates another, leading to a chain reaction that amplifies the signal.