Midterm Review

Front

What is an isotonic solution?

Back

An isotonic solution is one that has the same concentration of solutes as another solution, resulting in no net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Front

What is a codon?

Back

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis.

Front

List the three steps of aerobic cellular respiration in order.

Back

1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. Electron transport chain

Front

What is a point mutation?

Back

A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence, which can result in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein.

Front

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

Back

A cell in a hypertonic solution loses mass as water moves out of the cell to balance the solute concentration.

Front

What is a frameshift mutation?

Back

A frameshift mutation occurs when nucleotides are inserted or deleted from the DNA sequence, altering the reading frame and potentially changing all subsequent amino acids.

Front

What is glycolysis?

Back

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.

Front

What is the Krebs cycle?

Back

The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.

Front

What is the electron transport chain?

Back

The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane that transfer electrons and pump protons to create a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.

Front

What is a silent mutation?

Back

A silent mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that does not alter the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.