What is a holoenzyme?

The active form of an enzyme that contains both its apoenzyme and cofactor.

A component of a conjugated enzyme derived from vitamins.

What is the function of hexokinase?

Converts glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the first step of glycolysis.

What is citrate synthase?

A key enzyme in the Krebs cycle that catalyzes the condensation of acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate to form citrate.

What does pyruvate dehydrogenase do?

Links glycolysis and the Krebs cycle by converting pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.

The primary storage form of carbohydrates in animals.

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

In the inner mitochondrial membrane.

What effect does increasing the expression of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase have?

It improves the efficiency of gluconeogenesis in muscle cells.

What is Complex III in the electron transport chain responsible for?

Pumping protons and transferring electrons to cytochrome c.

Why are linoleic and linolenic acids classified as essential fatty acids?

They must be obtained from the diet.

What is hydrogenation?

The process of converting unsaturated fats into saturated fats by adding hydrogen.

What is saponification?

The reaction that produces soap from triglycerides.

What defines the primary structure of a protein?

The sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain.

What defines the quaternary structure of a protein?

The spatial arrangement of subunits.

Why are phospholipids considered amphipathic molecules?

They have a polar phosphate head and nonpolar fatty acid tails.

What determines the stability of a protein's tertiary structure?

The presence of disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions.

How do unsaturated fatty acids affect their physical properties compared to saturated fatty acids?

Their 'kinked' structure prevents tight packing, making them liquid at room temperature.

What does the tertiary structure of a protein establish?

The 3D shape critical for binding sites and catalytic activity.

Why are omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids considered essential?

They are required for cell membrane structure and must be obtained from the diet.

What is the role of metal ions like Mg²⁺ or Zn²⁺ in enzymatic reactions?

They provide additional functional groups as cofactors.

What is the net gain of ATP molecules produced during glycolysis?

2 ATP molecules, with four produced but two used in the energy investment phase.

What is the primary role of the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration?

The production of NADH and FADH₂ for the electron transport chain.

Why is the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane essential in the electron transport chain?

It provides the energy required to synthesize ATP via ATP synthase.

What happens to glycolysis if a cell experiences an oxygen deficit?

Glycolysis occurs because it does not require oxygen and can produce ATP anaerobically.

What does the electron transport chain generate?

The highest yield of ATP per molecule of glucose.

What is the basic structural unit of triglycerides?

One glycerol molecule and three fatty acids.

What is the function of ATP synthase?

It synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy from the proton gradient.

What is the role of coenzymes in metabolic reactions?

They assist enzymes by carrying chemical groups or electrons during reactions.

What is the significance of the fluid mosaic model?

It describes the structure of cell membranes as a flexible layer of lipids with embedded proteins.

What is the primary function of cholesterol in cell membranes?

To maintain membrane fluidity and stability.

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

They serve as the site for translating mRNA into polypeptides.

Biochemistry Finals Review Flashcards

Student preview

52 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What are lipids soluble in?

Back

Organic solvents.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the major biological function of lipids?

Back

Formation of cell membranes.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the primary function of lipids in biological membranes?

Back

Acting as a structural component.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Back

Hydrophobic and insoluble in water.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is a characteristic feature of phospholipids?

Back

Two hydrophobic fatty acid chains and a hydrophilic phosphate group.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What happens to enzymes when exposed to temperatures significantly above their optimal range?

Back

They denature and lose functionality.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What role do enzymes serve in biochemical reactions?

Back

They act as catalysts.

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