Ch. 3 Terms

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Begging the Question

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A logical fallacy where the conclusion is assumed in one of the premises. Example: "The law is unjust because it is not fair."

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Circular Reasoning

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A logical fallacy where the argument repeats itself without providing evidence. Example: "I am trustworthy because I always tell the truth."

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Faulty Analogy

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A logical fallacy that occurs when an analogy is drawn between two things that are not comparable. Example: "If we can euthanize animals, we should be able to euthanize humans."

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Straw Man Fallacy

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A fallacy that misrepresents an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack. Example: "You can't vote for them - they want to waste money exploring little green aliens in outer space!"

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Inductive Reasoning

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A type of reasoning that moves from specific instances to a general conclusion. Example: "The sun has risen every day, so it will rise tomorrow."

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Deductive Reasoning

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A type of reasoning that starts with a general statement and moves to a specific conclusion. Example: "All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal."

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Ad Hominem

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A fallacy that attacks the person making the argument rather than the argument itself. Example: "How can you argue for climate change when you drive a gas-guzzling car?"

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Ad Populum

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A fallacy that appeals to the popularity of a claim as a reason for accepting it. Example: "Everyone believes in this theory, so it must be true."

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Hasty Generalization

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A fallacy that draws a conclusion based on insufficient evidence. Example: "My two friends from that city are rude, so everyone from that city must be rude."

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Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

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A fallacy that assumes that if one event follows another, the first event caused the second. Example: "I wore my lucky socks, and we won the game, so my socks caused the win."