Bio I Sem 1 Final Review

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Coiled rod shaped DNA present in a cell during division

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Chromosome: The structure that carries genetic information in the form of genes, visible during cell division.

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Cells that are capable of becoming all cell types

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Pluripotent: Stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type except for extra-embryonic tissues.

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An environment in which the concentration of dissolved substance is lower in the solution than inside the cell

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Hypotonic: A solution that causes a cell to swell as water enters the cell due to lower solute concentration outside.

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Process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus

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Negative Feedback Loop: A mechanism that counteracts a change, helping to maintain homeostasis.

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Examples of this macromolecule are sugars and starches

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Carbohydrate: Organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as a primary energy source.

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The basic unit of life

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Cell: The smallest structural and functional unit of an organism.

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The process by which cells become specialized in structure and function

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Differentiation: The process where a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type.

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The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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Osmosis: The diffusion of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

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The organelle responsible for energy production in cells

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Mitochondria: The powerhouse of the cell, where ATP (energy) is produced through cellular respiration.

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The genetic material found in all living organisms

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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): The molecule that carries the genetic instructions for life.