Historical Events and Figures

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Hundred Years War

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A prolonged conflict between England and France (1337-1453) over claims to the French throne and territorial disputes. Key events include the Battle of Agincourt and Joan of Arc's role.

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Peace of Augsburg

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Signed in 1555, it allowed German princes to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism as the official religion of their territories, aiming to end religious conflict in the Holy Roman Empire.

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Niccolo Machiavelli

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Italian Renaissance political philosopher who wrote 'The Prince' in 1513, advocating pragmatic politics and separating ethics from governance.

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Edict of Nantes

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Issued in 1598 by King Henry IV of France, granting Huguenots the right to worship freely and enjoy civil rights, ending the French Wars of Religion.

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Petrarch

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Italian scholar who revived interest in classical writing styles and was famed for his vernacular love sonnets. Promoted classicism and secular study.

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Thirty Years War

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A devastating religious and political war (1618-1648) involving multiple European powers, reshaping European borders and leading to the Treaty of Westphalia.

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Classicism

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An intellectual and artistic movement emphasizing harmony, reason, and order, drawing inspiration from classical antiquity, primarily during the Renaissance.

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Avignon Papacy

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Period from 1309 to 1377 when popes resided in Avignon, France, leading to increased centralization of church authority and contributing to the Great Schism.

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Great Schism

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A significant split within the Catholic Church (1378-1417) with rival popes in Rome and Avignon, weakening the Church's authority.

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Mehmed II

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Ottoman Sultan (1451-1481) who conquered Constantinople, establishing the Ottomans as a dominant force in trade routes.