Unit 4.1-4.5

Front

What effect does blocking a secondary messenger have on a cell signaling pathway?

Back

It would inhibit transduction, thus deactivating the response.

Front

What is a signaling molecule called?

Back

Ligand.

Front

What do protein kinase molecules do to other molecules?

Back

They add a phosphate group to them.

Front

What type of ligand is more likely to bind to a membrane receptor?

Back

Hydrophilic.

Front

During which step of signal transduction is gene expression altered or apoptosis induced?

Back

Response.

Front

Define 'signal transduction'.

Back

The process by which a cell responds to substances or signals from its environment.

Front

What role do receptors play in cell signaling?

Back

They bind to signaling molecules (ligands) and initiate a cellular response.

Front

What is the difference between a hydrophobic and hydrophilic ligand?

Back

Hydrophobic ligands can pass through the cell membrane, while hydrophilic ligands cannot.

Front

What is apoptosis?

Back

Programmed cell death, a process that eliminates damaged or unnecessary cells.

Front

What is the function of a secondary messenger in cell signaling?

Back

To amplify the signal received by the receptor and propagate the response within the cell.