Biology Review for S1 Finals

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What is enzyme activity?

Back

Enzyme activity refers to the rate at which an enzyme catalyzes a reaction. It can be affected by various factors including pH, temperature, and substrate concentration.

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How does pH affect enzyme activity?

Back

Enzymes have an optimal pH range in which they function best. Deviations from this range can lead to decreased activity or denaturation of the enzyme.

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What is crossing over in genetics?

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Crossing over is the process during Prophase I of meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, leading to genetic variation in gametes.

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What are substitution mutations?

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Substitution mutations are genetic mutations where one base pair in the DNA sequence is replaced by another, potentially altering the resulting protein.

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What are frameshift mutations?

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Frameshift mutations occur when nucleotides are inserted or deleted from the DNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame and often resulting in a completely different protein.

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What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

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mRNA (messenger RNA) is transcribed from DNA and carries the genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosome, where it is translated into a protein.

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What is the function of tRNA in protein synthesis?

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tRNA (transfer RNA) transports specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, matching them to the corresponding codons on the mRNA.

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What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

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The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein, outlining the processes of transcription and translation.

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What is the significance of the ribosome in protein synthesis?

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The ribosome is the cellular machinery that facilitates the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain, assembling amino acids in the correct order.

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What is transcription in the context of protein synthesis?

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Transcription is the process by which the genetic information in DNA is copied into mRNA, which then exits the nucleus to be translated into a protein.