AP Biology Semester I Summative

Front

What is NADH and what does it gain or lose during reduction and oxidation?

Back

NADH is a coenzyme that carries electrons. During reduction, it gains 2 stable hydrogen atoms, and during oxidation, it loses them.

Front

What reaction transitions cellular respiration from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria?

Back

The reaction is pyruvate ---> acetyl CoA.

Front

What organelle synthesizes protein according to mRNA sequence?

Back

Ribosomes are the organelles that comprise ribosomal RNA and protein and synthesize protein according to mRNA sequence.

Front

How does the high heat of vaporization of water contribute to human thermoregulation?

Back

It allows the body to remove excess heat through the phase change of water from liquid to gas.

Front

What are limiting factors in an ecosystem?

Back

Limiting factors are scarce resources that limit the size of a population.

Front

Define glycolysis.

Back

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.

Front

What is the role of acetyl CoA in cellular respiration?

Back

Acetyl CoA is a key molecule that enters the Krebs cycle for energy production.

Front

Explain the significance of ribosomes in protein synthesis.

Back

Ribosomes read mRNA sequences and translate them into polypeptide chains, forming proteins.

Front

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Back

Chloroplasts are organelles that conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy.

Front

Describe the process of cellular respiration.

Back

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP), carbon dioxide, and water.