AP Biology Exam Review

Front

What is a defining feature of organic compounds that distinguishes them from inorganic compounds?

Back

The presence of carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other.

Front

What level of protein structure is affected when a chemical prevents the formation of an alpha helix?

Back

The secondary structure held together by hydrogen bonds is affected.

Front

What is a metabolic consequence of a shortage of oxygen in muscle cells?

Back

A buildup of lactic acid in the muscle tissue due to fermentation.

Front

Why do certain eye cells transport water at a higher rate than other cell types?

Back

The eye cells have protein channels that allow water to pass through in greater quantities than the phospholipid bilayer allows.

Front

What is the likely direct effect of a chemical that makes thylakoid membranes permeable to hydrogen ions (H+)?

Back

The chloroplasts will generate less ATP.

Front

Define organic compounds.

Back

Compounds primarily made of carbon atoms, often containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements, characterized by covalent bonding.

Front

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Back

The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, held together by peptide bonds.

Front

What role do hydrogen bonds play in protein structure?

Back

Hydrogen bonds stabilize the secondary structure of proteins, such as alpha helices and beta sheets.

Front

What is fermentation and when does it occur in muscle cells?

Back

Fermentation is an anaerobic process that occurs when oxygen is scarce, leading to the production of lactic acid from glucose.

Front

What is the function of protein channels in cell membranes?

Back

Protein channels facilitate the transport of specific molecules across the cell membrane, often allowing for faster movement than the lipid bilayer.