Unit 3 & 4 AP Biology CED Review

Front

What is denaturation of an enzyme?

Back

Denaturation is the process in which an enzyme loses its three-dimensional structure due to external stressors, such as extreme temperature or pH changes, resulting in a loss of function.

Front

What environmental conditions can cause denaturation of enzymes?

Back

Extreme increase in temperature and pH changes.

Front

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Back

The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Front

Which protein structure is unaffected by denaturation?

Back

Primary structure.

Front

What happens when a ligand binds to its receptor?

Back

There is a conformational change in the shape of the receptor.

Front

What is signal transduction?

Back

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell responds to external signals, often involving a series of molecular events that lead to a cellular response.

Front

What are secondary messengers?

Back

Secondary messengers are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface to target molecules inside the cell.

Front

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

Back

A phosphorylation cascade is a series of chemical reactions during cell signaling, where one enzyme phosphorylates another, leading to a chain reaction that amplifies the signal.

Front

Which of the following is NOT involved in signal transduction?

Back

Ligands.

Front

What are the main stages of the cell cycle?

Back

The main stages of the cell cycle are interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.