Honors Rev #1 Test Review

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Enlightenment

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Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights. Inspired revolutions worldwide by challenging traditional authority and promoting democracy.

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Thomas Hobbes

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Philosopher who believed in a strong central authority to avoid chaos; authored *Leviathan*. Introduced the idea of a social contract.

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Social Contract

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Agreement between individuals and government, where people give up certain freedoms for protection and order. Basis for modern political systems.

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John Locke

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Philosopher who argued for natural rights (life, liberty, property) and that government derives power from consent of the governed. Ideas influenced the Declaration of Independence and democratic governance.

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Philosophes

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Enlightenment thinkers advocating reason, progress, and secularism. Spread ideas that shaped modern Western thought.

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Voltaire

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Advocated freedom of speech and religion. Influenced the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

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Montesquieu

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Proposed separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny. Basis for checks and balances in democratic systems.

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Rousseau

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Advocated for popular sovereignty and the general will in *The Social Contract*. Inspired movements for democracy and equality.

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Cesare Beccaria

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Argued against torture and capital punishment in criminal justice. Influenced modern legal systems and human rights.

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Mary Wollstonecraft

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Advocate for women’s education and equality; authored *A Vindication of the Rights of Woman*. Pioneer of modern feminism.