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Heliocentric Theory

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The astronomical model that places the sun at the center of the solar system, with the planets, including Earth, orbiting around it.

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Colonization

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The process of establishing control over a foreign territory and settling it with inhabitants from the colonizing power.

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Mercantilism

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An economic theory prevalent during the Age of European Exploration that emphasized the prosperity of a nation depends upon accumulating wealth through a favorable balance of trade, colonization, and the acquiring of gold and silver.

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Joint Stock Company

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A business practice where stocks (or a share of the ownership in the company) can be bought and owned by shareholders. Those who owned stocks in the company would receive a portion of the profit.

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Coercive Labor

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Labor that is forced or obtained through coercion, often involving violence or threats.

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Encomienda

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A system in Spanish America where Spanish colonists were granted land and the right to extract labor and tribute from indigenous inhabitants in exchange for providing them protection and Christian instruction.

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Middle Passage

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The leg of the transatlantic slave trade route where enslaved Africans were transported from Africa to the Americas.

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Sakoku

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Period of Japan's self-imposed isolation from the 1630s to the mid-19th century, during which the country restricted foreign influence and trade, allowing only limited interactions with specific nations.

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Homogeny

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Homogeneity refers to the quality or state of being all the same or similar in nature, which can apply to cultural, social, or physical characteristics within a defined area.

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Globalization

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The process by which businesses, cultures, and economies become interconnected and dependent on a global scale. It involves the exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas across international borders.