Unit 4: Computer Systems

Front

Hardware

Back

The physical components of a computer system, such as the CPU, RAM, hard drive, and peripherals (e.g., keyboard, mouse).

Front

Software

Back

The programs and operating systems that run on a computer, providing instructions for hardware.

Front

System software

Back

Software designed to run and maintain the computer system, including the operating system and utility programs.

Front

Application software

Back

Software designed to perform specific user tasks, such as word processors, spreadsheets, or games.

Front

Operating system (OS)

Back

System software that manages hardware and software resources, providing services for application software (e.g., Windows, Linux, macOS).

Front

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Back

The main part of a computer that performs calculations, executes instructions, and processes data. It consists of the Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), and registers.

Front

Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle

Back

The process the CPU uses to retrieve an instruction (fetch), interpret it (decode), and carry it out (execute).

Front

Memory

Back

Storage areas in a computer where data and instructions are kept temporarily or permanently. Includes RAM, ROM, and cache.

Front

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Back

Volatile memory used to store data and programs currently in use.

Front

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

Back

Non-volatile memory containing essential instructions, such as the bootstrap loader.