An American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism.

The theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings.

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning.

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

Conditioned Response (CR)

In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.

Higher-Order Conditioning

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS).

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

The biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value.

An American psychologist, most known for his research on taste aversion.

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

An American psychologist known for his work in operant conditioning and the development of the Skinner box.

An American psychologist who is known for his work on the law of effect and operant conditioning.

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer.

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Discriminative Stimulus

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement.

Positive Reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Negative Reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

Conditioned Reinforcer

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.

Reinforcement Schedule

A pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement Schedule

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

Variable-Ratio Schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

Fixed-Interval Schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

Variable-Interval Schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.

The tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns.

An American psychologist who specialized in the involvement of cognitive processes in classical conditioning focusing on animal learning and behavior.

An American psychologist who founded what is now a branch of psychology known as purposive behaviorism and promoted the concept known as latent learning.

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment.

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

A sudden realization of a problem's solution.

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

Psychology Learning Concepts Flashcards

Student preview

55 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Learning

Back

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Associative Learning

Back

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequences.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Stimulus

Back

Any event or situation that evokes a response.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Respondent Behavior

Back

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Operant Behavior

Back

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Cognitive Learning

Back

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Ivan Pavlov

Back

A Russian physiologist known primarily for his work in classical conditioning.

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