Genetics and Molecular Biology Terms

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Nucleotide

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The basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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Ribose sugar

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A five-carbon sugar found in RNA, which is part of the nucleotide structure.

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Uracil Base

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A nitrogenous base found in RNA, replacing thymine found in DNA.

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Nitrogen Base

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A molecule found in DNA and RNA; Adenine, Thymine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

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Transcription

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The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.

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Translation

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The process by which a protein is synthesized from the mRNA sequence.

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DNA

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Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms.

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RNA

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Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells, playing a role in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.

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mRNA

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Messenger RNA, a type of RNA that takes genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

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tRNA

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Transfer RNA, a type of RNA that transfers amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain.