AP Biology: Unit 4 Review (CED)

Front

What is signal transduction?

Back

Signal transduction is the process by which a cell responds to external signals through a series of molecular events, leading to a cellular response.

Front

What are ligands in the context of signal transduction?

Back

Ligands are molecules that bind to receptors on the cell surface, initiating the signal transduction pathway.

Front

What role do secondary messengers play in signal transduction?

Back

Secondary messengers amplify the signal received by the receptor and help propagate the signal within the cell.

Front

Define positive feedback in biological systems.

Back

Positive feedback is a mechanism that amplifies responses and processes in biological organisms, often leading to a greater change in the same direction.

Front

What is negative feedback?

Back

Negative feedback is a regulatory mechanism that counteracts a change, helping to maintain homeostasis in biological systems.

Front

What is a phosphorylation cascade?

Back

A phosphorylation cascade is a series of chemical reactions during which a series of proteins are phosphorylated, leading to a significant amplification of the signal.

Front

What is the role of cyclin in the cell cycle?

Back

Cyclin is a protein that regulates the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CdKs), which are essential for cell cycle progression.

Front

What is the function of cyclin-dependent kinases (CdKs)?

Back

CdKs are enzymes that, when activated by cyclins, phosphorylate target proteins to drive the cell cycle forward.

Front

What is gene expression in the context of signal transduction?

Back

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, often proteins, in response to signals.

Front

What is the significance of receptor endocytosis in signal transduction?

Back

Receptor endocytosis is the process by which cells internalize receptors and their bound ligands, which can terminate the signal and regulate cellular responses.