What is parallel processing?

The brain’s ability to process multiple aspects of information simultaneously.

What is the spacing effect?

Studying over time improves retention more than cramming.

Organizing information into manageable units to aid memory.

What is automatic processing?

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency.

What is effortful processing?

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

What is shallow processing?

Encoding based on appearance or sound rather than meaning.

What is deep processing?

Encoding information based on its meaning, which improves retention.

What is self-referent processing?

Encoding information by relating it to oneself.

What is the serial position effect?

The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list best.

What are the two types of serial position effects?

1. **Primacy effect** – remembering the first items in a list. 2. **Recency effect** – remembering the last items in a list.

What is overlearning?

Continuing to rehearse information after it is learned to increase retention.

What is acoustic encoding?

Encoding sounds, especially words.

What is iconic memory?

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, lasting a few tenths of a second.

What is echoic memory?

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, lasting 3–4 seconds.

What is explicit memory?

Conscious memory of facts and experiences, also called declarative memory.

What is implicit memory?

Unconscious memory of skills and procedures, also called nondeclarative memory.

What brain structures are involved in memory?

- **Hippocampus** – processes explicit memories. - **Cerebellum** – processes implicit memories.

What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

The strengthening of synapses, believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory.

Retrieving information without cues, like answering a fill-in-the-blank question.

Identifying previously learned information, like in a multiple-choice test.

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

When you know information but can’t retrieve it at the moment.

What is proactive interference?

When old information disrupts the recall of new information.

What is retroactive interference?

When new information disrupts the recall of old information.

What are the two types of amnesia?

1. **Retrograde amnesia** – loss of past memories. 2. **Anterograde amnesia** – inability to form new memories.

What is source amnesia?

Forgetting where or how information was learned.

What is the misinformation effect?

When misleading information distorts one’s memory of an event.

The eerie sense of having experienced something before.

What is mood-congruent memory?

The tendency to recall memories that match one’s current mood.

What is state-dependent memory?

Information is better recalled in the same state it was learned (e.g., studying while happy, recalling better when happy).

What is Schacter’s 7 Sins of Forgetting?

The causes of memory failure: 1. **Absent-mindedness** – inattention to details. 2. **Transience** – storage decay over time. 3. **Blocking** – retrieval failure (tip-of-the-tongue). 4. **Misattribution** – confusing the source of a memory. 5. **Suggestibility** – incorporating misinformation. 6. **Bias** – belief-colored recollections. 7. **Persistence** – unwanted memories that won’t go away.

A defense mechanism that pushes anxiety-inducing memories into the unconscious.

Memory Concepts Flashcards Flashcards

Student preview

40 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is memory?

Back

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is a flashbulb memory?

Back

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is semantic memory?

Back

Fact-based, Jeopardy-like information.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is procedural memory?

Back

"How-to" memory, like riding a bike.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is episodic memory?

Back

Memories of events, such as vacations or birthdays.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is prospective memory?

Back

Remembering to perform a future task, like calling a boss.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What are the three stages of memory?

Back

1. Encoding, 2. Storage, 3. Retrieval.

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