Substances that contain two or more elements that are chemically combined in fixed proportions

How are compounds formed?

by chemical reactions between elements

What does the formula of a compound show?

the atoms of the elements that make up the compound and the proportion they're in

What is the relative formula mass (Mr) of a compound?

The sum of the relative atomic masses (Ar) of the atoms shown in the formula of a compound

A substance made up of two or more elements or compounds that aren't chemically combined together

How do the chemical properties of a substance change when it’s in a mixture?

The chemical properties of a substance don't change

How can you test for the presence of carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻)?

React with dilute acid to produce carbon dioxide gas, which can be tested by bubbling through limewater (turns cloudy).

How can you test for chloride (Cl⁻), bromide (Br⁻), and iodide (I⁻) ions?

Acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous silver nitrate. A white precipitate indicates chloride, a cream precipitate indicates bromide, and a yellow precipitate indicates iodide.

How can you test for nitrate ions (NO₃⁻)?

Heat with aluminium foil and aqueous sodium hydroxide, then test for ammonia gas (which turns damp red litmus blue).

What steps would you take to identify sulfate ions (SO₄²⁻)?

Acidify with dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous barium nitrate. A white precipitate of barium sulfate indicates the presence of sulfate ions.

What is a flame test?

A test to identify metal ions (cations)

State a brief method for carrying out a flame test.

1. Dip a clean metal wire loop into the sample compound to be tested 2. Hold the loop in a blue Bunsen burner flame 3. Record the colour of the flame

What can sodium hydroxide solution be used to test for?

certain metal ions (cations) in a solution

How can you test for the presence of ammonia (NH₃)?

Use damp red litmus paper; it will turn blue in the presence of ammonia.

How can you test for carbon dioxide (CO₂)?

Bubble the gas through limewater; it will turn cloudy if carbon dioxide is present.

How can you test for chlorine (Cl₂)?

Use damp litmus paper; it will turn white (bleach) due to the bleaching effect of chlorine.

How can you identify hydrogen (H₂)?

Bring a lighted splint near the gas; it will produce a 'pop' sound if hydrogen is present.

How can you test for oxygen (O₂)?

Use a glowing splint; it will reignite in the presence of oxygen.

What is a pure substance?

A single element or compound that isn't mixed with another substance

How can the purity of a substance be tested?

The purity of a substance can be tested by comparing its m.p. or b.p. to the m.p. or b.p. of the pure substance. A pure substance has specific m.p.s and b.p.s.

How is the melting point of a pure substance different from that of an impure substance?

A pure substance has one specific melting point. An impure substance has a melting range.

a substance that dissolves a solute

a substance that is dissolved in a solvent

a mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent

Define saturated solution

a solution containing the maximum concentration of a solute dissolved in the solvent at a specified temperature

a solid substance that remains after evaporation, distillation, filtration or any similar process

a liquid or solution that has passed through a filter

What is fractional distillation used to separate?

Two liquids with different boiling points.

What is filtration used to separate?

An insoluble solid from a liquid

What is crystallisation?

Forming crystals of a soluble solid from a solution.

0973 12 Experimental Techniques and Chemical Analysis SUPPLEMENT Flashcards

Student preview

76 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What equipment is used to measure time in an experiment?

Back

Stop-watch

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What apparatus is commonly used to measure temperature?

Back

Thermometer

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Which device would you use to measure mass accurately in a chemistry experiment?

Back

Balance

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What equipment is used to precisely measure the volume of a liquid?

Back

Burette or volumetric pipette

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is the name of the apparatus used to dispense precise volumes of liquid in titrations?

Back

Burette

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Which piece of equipment would you use to measure larger volumes of liquid in a laboratory?

Back

Measuring cylinder

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What apparatus is used to collect and measure the volume of gas produced in a reaction?

Back

Gas syringe

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