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Atom

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The smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties.

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Proton

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A positively charged subatomic particle in the nucleus.

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Neutron

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A neutrally charged subatomic particle in the nucleus.

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Electron

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A negatively charged subatomic particle in orbitals around the nucleus.

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Atomic Number

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The number of protons in an atom, which defines the element.

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Mass Number

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The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

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Isotope

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Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

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Ion

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An atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a charge.

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Cation

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A positively charged ion that has lost electrons.

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Anion

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A negatively charged ion that has gained electrons.