Pharmaceutical Microbiology

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What is the lytic cycle in viral replication?

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The lytic cycle is a viral replication process where the virus infects a host cell, replicates its genetic material, assembles new virions, and ultimately causes the host cell to lyse (burst), releasing new viruses.

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What is the lysogenic cycle in viral replication?

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The lysogenic cycle is a viral replication process where the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's chromosome and remains dormant, replicating along with the host's DNA until it is triggered to enter the lytic cycle.

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What are prions?

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Prions are infectious agents composed solely of protein that can cause neurodegenerative diseases by inducing abnormal folding of normal cellular proteins.

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Do prions contain DNA or RNA?

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No, prions do not contain DNA or RNA; they are solely made of protein.

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What is a capsid?

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A capsid is the protein shell of a virus that encases its genetic material, providing protection and aiding in the delivery of the viral genome into host cells.

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What are eukaryotic cells?

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Eukaryotic cells are complex cells that contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus, and are found in organisms such as plants, animals, and fungi.

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What is the difference between infection and replication in the context of viral life cycles?

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Infection refers to the initial entry of a virus into a host cell, while replication is the process by which the virus makes copies of its genetic material and produces new virions.

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What role do tail fibers play in viruses?

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Tail fibers are structures on some viruses that help them attach to and penetrate the host cell membrane during the infection process.

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What is the immune response to prions?

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Prions typically do not trigger a significant immune response in humans, making them particularly dangerous as they can propagate without detection.

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What is the significance of the viral envelope?

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The viral envelope, when present, is a lipid layer that surrounds some viruses, aiding in their ability to infect host cells and evade the immune system.